Cleansing Action of Soap

HOW DO SOAP REMOVE DIRT?

DIRT IS OIL, GREASE OR DUST. WATER ALONE CANNOT REMOVE ALL DIRT. THIS IS BECAUSE WATER AND OIL OR GREASE DO NOT MIX. 

HOW DOES SOAP WORK?
compound has two categories:
1. hydrophilic - water and anything that will mix water.
2. hydrophobic - oil and anything that will mix with oil.

 Compare and Contrast The Effectiveness of The Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent

PROPERTY	SOAP	DETERGENT
Cleansing power	Less powerful	More powerful
Ease of rinsing	It is difficult to wash away all soap and clothes.The soap that remains leaves an ordour and spoils the fabric.	Rinses out well from clothes
pH	Slightly alkaline	Can be controlled to suit the cleaning task
Molecular structure	Determined by the structure of fatty acids found in the oil or fat used to produce soap	Can be modified to suit the cleaning task.For example: Detergent can be made specially for cleaning toilets bowls
Formation of scum	Forms scum with hard water	Does not form scum with hard water

Cleansing Action of Detergents

Explanation of cleansing action of detergents :

• detergents contain a hydrophilic which is soluble in water.
• they also contain an hydrophobic group, which is their long chain which is hydrophobic and soluble in organic materials.
• so when you have to clean organic materials the hydrophobic part catches the waste and hydrophilic ensures that water can put it away.

Cleansing Action of detergents:

1. dirty blouse
2. soap or detergents dissolve in water and reduces the surface tension of water.
3. water wets the dirty blouse.
4. the hydrophobic part of the anion dissolve in grease. the hydrophilic part dissolve in water.
5. grease is loosened and lifted of the surface. heat, rubbing, and scrubbing can help this process.
6. the polar ends of anions surround the grease. the grease is lifted of the surface and suspended in water.
7. the grease is dispearsed into smaller drops. heating, rubbing and scrubbing can help this process.
8. rising away the dirty water removes the grease droplets.
9. clean blouse.

                             

     

...Detergent....

...what is detergent...

1)detergent is a salt that is produced from the reaction between an alkali and a sulphonic acid

                                                                

2)a detergent is a sodium salt of sulphonic acid.

3)an example of a detergent is sodium alkly sulphate.An example of a sodium alkly sulphate detergent is sodium dodecyl sulphate.

4)synthetic detergent are made from hydrocarbon that are obtained as by products of the petroleum industry,for example propene gas

                 

...preparation of sodium alkyl sulphate detergent...

1)sodium alkyl sulphate detergent can be prepared through a neutralisation reaction between and alkyl sulthonic acid with a sodium hydroxide solution…

2)the sodium dodecyl sulphate detergent is prepared through a neutralisation reaction between the dodecyl sulphonic acid and a sodium hydroxixe…

                                            

                   
                     Cleansing Action Of soap

How do soap remove dirt? Dirt is oil,grease or dust.

water alone cannot remove all dirt. This is because water and oil or grease do not mix. 

CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP

...Soap..Soap..

Homemade Laundry Soap

Ive used the following homemade laundry soap for a few years now and Ive never looked back. We live on a farm with a septic tank, so it makes sense for us to use very natural products around the house.

Both the borax and the washing soda (washing crystals) can usually be found in the laundry section of your grocery store, if you're having trouble finding them then look on line. These products can save you hundreds of dollars over the years, considering that borax can also be used to make shampoo, and used as a bathroom cleaner. The washing soda (washing crystals) is great for keeping your drains grease free, cleaning gold and silver and can even remove moss from foot paths. Each wash works out at 7cents, so they are also a good investment.

To make your own laundry soap that's kind to your skin and the environment, simply mix all of these ingredients together and add 1 tablespoon full to each wash or 2 for a heavily soiled wash.

What you will need

2 cups of finely grated Soap, any bar of soap will work ivory, Sunlight, dove etc. But for extra cleaning power chose Fels-Naptha
1 cup of Washing Soda
1 cup of Borax

I hope you like my home made laundry soap recipe!                                                                       

                           

...detergent...deterdent..

Homemade Laundry Detergent

As a single parent, BIG money saving ideas are a must in my life style, so when I found this great homemade laundry detergent recipe I was was intrigued and had to try it.


Eco friendly, suitable for sensitive skin and COSTS A TENTH of any grocery store detergents....
As I was reading, I remember thinking that this can't possibly work as well as store bought detergent, but I tried it anyway.


Well I was wrong, this home made laundry detergent washes as good as, and if not better than most leading brands and it only takes about 15 minutes to make up a large bucket full :-)


Each wash works out at less than 6 cents per load, so you can stop throwing away your hard earned cash, and start feeling good about doing your bit for mother nature too!


A quick note before starting:
The color of your homemade laundry detergent will end up slightly lighter than the soap you use, and don't expect this detergent to soap up when washing because it doesn't ;-)


Ingredients
Water
Washing Soda 1/2 a cup
Borax 1/2 a cup
Bar of Soap 1/3 of a bar
(avoid using heavy perfumed soap, Ivory and Fels-Naptha soap have both worked well for me, although I do make my own soap and often use that) Other good soaps to try are Hardwater Castile and Sunlight.

EVALUATING THE USE OF FOOD ADDITIVES   

    

Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste and appearance. Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling (with vinegar), salting, as with bacon, preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as in some wines. With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the 20th century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin.

Preserving is used to avoid the spread of micro organism in food. So that the food will be lasting without damage.

Examples: -i)sulphur dioxide used in soft drinks

                 ii)sodium benzoate used in source chilly

                iii)sodium nitrate used in burger   

              

Antioxidants Antioxidants such as vitamin C act as preservatives by inhibiting the effects of oxygen on food, and can be beneficial to health.

Examples: i)ascorbic acid

                ii)citric acid

               iii) isopropil sitrate

Flavors Flavors are additives that give food a particular taste or smell, and may be derived from natural ingredients or created artificially.

Examples: i) monosodium glutamate

               ii)vanilla and pandan flavours

Emulsifiers Emulsifiers allow water and oils to remain mixed together in an emulsion, as in mayonnaise, ice cream, and homogenized milk

 Bulking agents Bulking agents such as starch are additives that increase the bulk of a food without affecting its taste.

Food coloring Colorings are added to food to replace colors lost during

 preparation, and to make food look more attractive.

Examples: i)Tatrazene(yellow, red, brown)

                 ii)Trifenyl compound (green,blue)

• 

 Some artificial food additives have been linked with cancer, digestive problems, neurological conditions, ADHD, heart disease or obesity. Natural additives may be similarly harmful or be the cause of allergic reactions in certain individuals. For example, safrole was used to flavor root beer until it was shown to be carcinogenic.

What's In...

Sausages
Water - acts as a solvent
Rusk - absorbs fat and water
Salt - preservative agent
Protein concentrate - for creating emulsions
Polyphosphate - synergistic with salt - increases emulsifying properties
Monosodium glutamate – a flavour enhancer, highlights savoury taste
Cochineal - colouring agent (may exacerbate hyperactivity in susceptible children)
Sodium metabisuphate - suppresses food poisoning organisms
Sugar - caramelises when heated to give brown colour
Ascorbic acid - vitamin C, anti-oxidant, stops loss of flavours particularly when frozen

  

Ice Cream
Air -­ gives a light texture
Mono and diglycerides of fatty acids - act as emulsifiers
Soya lecithins -­ emulsifier and viscosity reducer in chocolate
Carageenan - ­ emulsifier (may degrade to potentially carcinogenic products)
Carob bean gum -­ gelling agent and stabiliser Guar Gum ­ thickening agent                                                                (in huge quantities may cause nausea etc)
Carboxymethylcellulose - thickening agent, stops loss of moisture
Sodium alginate -­ acts as a stabiliser Vanilla extract ­ gives flavour
Annatto -­ colouring agent, precursor to vitamin A
Curcumin - colouring agent
Pectin - emulsifier, stabiliser and gelling agent extracted from fruit

The Effects Of Food Additives On Health And The Enviroment

-->Advantage of  food additives :

     (a) keep the food fresh for a longer period of time

     (b) improve the taste and appearance of food

     (c) enrich the nutrients of food
-->Food additives also have Disadvantages :
     (a)allergy
     (b)brain damage
     (c)cancer

so everyone...

practice a good diet in other to maintain our health...
ok?? n_n

> Minhah and Ain <

Understanding Medicine !

CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER MEDICINES

 

1. Examples of traditional medicine, their sources and uses
Traditional medicine: are derived from natural sources 
                                 such as plants and animal 
                                 without being processed 
                                 chemically.

Traditional medicine	Funtion
Ginseng	To improve the overall health and increasing energy.
Aloe vera	To heal wounds and skin diseases.
Green tea	Increase body temperature and make it sweating.
Garlic	As antibiotic and use to treat injured, asthma and also decreasing high blood.

Their Uses is :

1.Ginseng  -->  The root is dried and used to make tablets, 

                     capsules and powder.

2.Aloe vera  -->  The leaf is used to produced juice and
                     taken orally or rubbed on body.

3.Green tea  --> The leaf is added to water and drink
                     as a beverage.

4.Garlic  --> Garlic cloves can be eaten raw or cooked.

                        : tradisional medicines work 

                          very slowly.
                          however, traditional 
                          medecines can cause 
                          some side effects 
                          such as thirst.

     

          Ginseng                          Aloe vera

 

           Garlic                              Green tea

2. Types of modern medicine and their examples

Modern medicine :  -  known as chemotherapy

                     -     made in various type like 
                         pill, capsule and solution

Modern medicine is classified in 4 categories:

1. ANALGESICS
example : Aspirin (acetyl salicylic), Paracetamol / 
                 panadol Codeine


2. ANTIBIOTICS
example  : Penicillin and Streptomycin


3. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES
examples: Amphetamines, Dextoamphetamine, 
                Femetrazin and Barbiturate.

3. The functions of each type of modern medicine

1.   ANALGESICS
            Relieve pain or sometimes called pain killer 
 example :
  Aspirin (acetyl salicylic)
                -        Pain killer
                -        Reduce fever
                -        Treat arthritis (muscle aches)
                -        Prevent clotting of blood and reduce the 
                      risk of heart attacks and strokes                                                 
Paracetamol / panadol

    -        Pain killer

    -        Reduce fever 

    -        Replace aspirin for children

Codeine
                -        Relieve minor to moderate pain
                -        Suppressing cough
                -        Can cause addicted

 2.   ANTIBIOTIC             
           Destroy or prevent the growth of infectious microorganism
Example  :     
 Penicillin-  Treat disease cause by bacteria, such as 
                   pneumonia and gonorrhea              

 Streptomycin- treating tuberculosis

3.   PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINE
             Treating mental or emotional illness
Psychotherapeutic is divide in 3 group;

Group	Function	Example
Stimulants	- stimulate(excite) the activity of brain and central nervous system - increasing alertness and   physical abilities to prepare for demanding or energetic activities	Amphetamines Dextoamphetamine
Antidepressants	- increase the brain’s level of neurotransmitters, thus   improving mood and also   make a person feel calm and sleepy	Barbiturate Tranquilizer
Antipsychotic	- treating schizophrenia   (people lose touch with    reality)	Chlozapin Chlorpromazine

  

            Aspirin                             Antibiotics

 

          Codeine                            Paracetamol


4. The possible side effects of using modern medicine

Modern medicine have side effects:

Example ;

Type of modern drug	Side effect
Aspirin (analgesic)	Increases bleeding espically the pregnent women.
Paracetamol (analgesic)	Causes blood disordes and skin raches.
Penicillin (antibiotics)	Causes allergic reaction,diarrhoea,difficully breathing and easily bruising.
Barbiturate (psychotherapeutic) (antidepressant)	Causes addition,dizziness,anxiety,hallucinations and increase  dreaming.

5. The correct uses modern medicine
--->Modern medecine should be taken under the
       doctor's prescription and supervision


--->Some are simply unable to tolarate the modern
       medicines prescribed. Instead of stop taking
       the medicines,one should work together with
       the doctor to find a way to reduce the side effects.

---->Ain and Fiza<----